I. A collection of automotive terms

1. Mm: the distance from the center of the front axle to the center of the rear axle.

2. Turning radius (mm): the track circle radius of the central plane of the outside steering wheel on the vehicle support plane when the vehicle is turning. When the steering wheel turns to the limit position, the turning radius is the minimum turning radius.

3. Maximum total mass (kg): the total mass of a fully loaded vehicle.

4. The number of wheels and the number of driving wheels (n × m): the number of wheels is measured by the number of wheels, n represents the total number of wheels of the car, and m represents the number of driving wheels.

5. Minimum ground clearance (mm): the distance from the lowest point to the ground when the vehicle is fully loaded.

6. Maximum loading mass (kg): the maximum loading mass of a car when it is running on the road.

7. Mm: the distance from the end of the car to the center of the rear axle.

8. Wheel distance (mm): the distance between the centerline of the left and right tread of the same sedan tire.

9. Vehicle equipment quality (kg): the quality of a fully equipped vehicle, including lubricating oil, fuel, car tools, spare tires and so on.

10. Maximum speed (km/h): the maximum speed a car can reach when driving on a straight road.

11. Mm: the distance between the two poles in the direction of the width of the car.

12. Mm: the distance between the highest point of the car and the ground.

13. Mm: the distance between the two poles in the direction of the length of the car.

14. Average fuel consumption (l/100km): average fuel consumption per 100 km when a car is on the road.

15. Departure angle (°): the angle between the tangent of the rear wheel leading from the protruding point of the rear end of the automobile and the ground.

16. Maximum climbing slope (%): the maximum climbing ability when the car is fully loaded.

17. Mm: the distance from the front end of the car to the center of the front axle.

18. Maximum axle load mass (kg): the maximum total mass carried by a single axle of an automobile. It has something to do with road passage.

19. Approach angle (°): the angle between the tangent of the front protruding point of the car and the ground.

20. Zero-kilometer car (car sales term): a car with zero mileage (or lower mileage, such as no more than 10kin), which appears to meet the customer’s “absolutely new” requirements for the vehicle purchased. Zero kilometers means that no one has driven the car since it got off the production line. In order to ensure that the odometer reading is zero, large special-purpose vehicles are used from the production plant to all sales to prove that the vehicle is brand new.

II. Classification of automobile models

1. Basic knowledge of SUV- automobile

The full name of SUV is SportUtilityVehicle, which means sport utility vehicle in Chinese. Nowadays, SUV generally refers to those models which are based on the car platform and, to a certain extent, not only have the comfort of the car, but also have a certain cross-country property. Because of the seat combination function of MPV style, the vehicle can carry both people and goods, and Fan Guang can be used.

2. Basic knowledge of MPV- automobile

The full name of MPV is Multi-PurposeVehicle, that is, multi-purpose vehicle. It combines the functions of a car, a station wagon and a van, each seat in the car can be adjusted, and there are a variety of combinations, such as turning the back of the middle seat into a table, and the front seat can be rotated 180 degrees. In recent years, MPV tends to be small, and the so-called Smurm MPV Small S means small. The length of the S-MPV is between 4.2m and 4.3m, with a body of (5-7) seats.

3. Basic knowledge of CKD- automobile

CKD is the abbreviation of CompletelyKnockedDown, which means “completely broken up”. In other words, when a CKD car is imported or imported, the car enters in a completely disassembled state, and then all the parts and parts of the car are assembled into the whole car. When our country introduces the advanced automobile technology of our country, we often adopt the CKD assembly method at the beginning, buy all the parts of the foreign advanced model, and form the whole automobile factory in the same place.

4. Basic knowledge of RV- automobile

The full name of RV is Recreati&aVehicle, which is a kind of car suitable for entertainment, leisure and travel. The country that first put forward the concept of RV car is Japan. RV covers a wide range of areas and has no strict scope. In a broad sense, all light passengers except cars and sports cars can belong to RV. MPV and SUV also belong to RV.

5. Pickup truck-basic knowledge of automobile

Pickup truck (PICK-UP) is also known as sedan card. As the name implies, the sedan chair is also stuck, is a kind of car front and cab, with open truck cars at the same time. It is characterized by not only car-like comfort, but also strong power, but also stronger than the car’s ability to load and adapt to poor roads. Basic knowledge of automobile, complete knowledge of automobile. The common type of pickup is the seat card, which is not only the largest, but also the skin that people see most on the court.

6. SKD Automotive-Automotive basic knowledge

SKD is the abbreviation of Semi-KnockedDown, which means “semi-bulk”. In other words, SKD automobile refers to the car that imports automobile assembly (such as engine, cab, chassis, etc.) from abroad and assembles it in domestic automobile factory. SKD is equivalent to making a car into a “semi-finished product”, which is simply assembled into a whole car after import.

7. Concept car-basic knowledge of automobile

The concept car is translated from English ConceptionCa. The concept car is not the model that Ep will put into production, it is just to show people the designer’s novel, unique and advanced ideas. Basic automobile knowledge, complete knowledge of automobile. The concept car is still in the creative and experimental stage and will probably never be put into production. Because it is a mass-produced commercial car, each concept car can get rid of the shackles of the production level, and even exaggerate to show its unique charm.

8. Classic car-basic knowledge of automobile

A classic car is also called a classic car, which usually refers to a car that was 20 years ago or older. A classic car is a product of nostalgia. It is a car that people used in the past and can still work.

III. Classification of automobile characteristics

1. Electric vehicle-Automotive knowledge Collection

At present, most of the electric vehicles mentioned by people refer to pure electric vehicles, that is, a kind of vehicle that uses a single battery as the power source of energy storage. It uses the battery as the energy storage power source, through the battery to provide electricity to the motor, drive the motor operation, so as to promote the car forward. From the appearance, the electric vehicle is no different from the daily car, the difference is mainly in the power source and its drive system.

2. Zero-emission cars-Automotive knowledge Collection

Zero-emission vehicles refer to cars that do not emit any harmful pollutants, such as solar cars, pure electric vehicles, hydrogen cars and so on. Sometimes people call zero-emission cars as green cars, environmentally friendly cars, ecological cars, clean cars and so on.

3. Hybrid Electric vehicle-Automotive knowledge

Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is to install a set of internal combustion engine on pure electric vehicle, which aims to reduce vehicle pollution and improve the driving range of pure electric vehicle. Hybrid electric vehicle has two structural forms: series type and parallel type.

4. Gas vehicle-Automotive knowledge Collection

Gas-fired vehicles are mainly compressed natural gas vehicles. Referred to as LPG vehicles or LPGV) and compressed natural gas vehicles (referred to as CNG vehicles or CNGV). As the name implies, LPG cars are fueled by liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), while CNG cars are fueled by compressed natural gas. Compared with oil vehicles, gas vehicles reduce CO emissions by more than 90%, hydrocarbon emissions by more than 70%, and nitrogen oxidation emissions by more than 35%. They are currently more practical and low-emission vehicles.

IV. European Ⅱ emission standard

The main pollutants emitted from automobile exhaust are hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), particulates (PM) and so on. Due to the increasingly serious harm to the environment caused by vehicle emissions, countries and regions around the world have successively established limits on vehicle emissions, among which the European Union has set an European standard for most countries and places. For example, a sedan chair with more than 6 designers (including drivers) and a maximum total mass of more than 2.5 tons:

The limits of emission standards that must be met in China from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2003 are: carbon monoxide shall not exceed 3.16g km km; hydrocarbons shall not exceed 1.13g max km; among them, the particulate matter standard for diesel vehicles shall not exceed 0.18g max km; the durability requirement is 50000 km. After January 1, 2004, the standard has been improved again: gasoline-oxygen-carbon is only 2.2g/km, hydrocarbons are more than 0.5g 1.0g/km km, carbon monoxide in diesel vehicles exceeds 1.0g/km, hydrocarbons do not exceed 0.7g/km, and particulates exceed 0.08g/km. This is the European Ⅱ standard that our country will carry out in 2004.

5. Automobile recall

The so-called automobile recall (RECALL) means that the car put on the market is found to have defects due to design or manufacturing reasons, which does not meet the relevant laws and regulations and standards, which may lead to safety and environmental protection problems. Manufacturers must promptly report the problems of the product, the causes of the problems, and good measures to the relevant state departments, and apply for a recall. After approval, the vehicles are built to eliminate the hidden dangers. The countries of the actual driving recall system are the United States, Japan, Canada, the United Kingdom and Australia.

VI. V6 engine

The commonly used cylinders of automobile engines are 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, L2 cylinders. Engines with displacement less than 1L are commonly used with 3 cylinders; (1-2.5) L is generally 4-cylinder engines; engines with about 3 L are generally 6 cylinders; 4 L is 8 cylinders; and over 5.5 L is 12-cylinder engines. Generally speaking, under the same diameter, there are more cylinders, the more the quantity, the higher the work; in the same displacement, the more the number of cylinders, the smaller the cylinder diameter, and the rotational speed can be increased, thus more power can be obtained. The main forms of cylinder arrangement are in-line, V-shaped, W-shaped and so on.

Generally speaking, the cylinders of engines below 5 cylinders are mostly arranged in line, and a small number of 6-cylinder engines also have in-line mode, and there have been in-line 8-cylinder engines in the past. The cylinder block of in-line engine is arranged one by one, the structure of cylinder block, cylinder head and crankshaft is simple, the manufacturing cost is low, the torque characteristic at low speed is good, the fuel consumption is low, the application is wide, and the lack of power is low. Generally speaking, most of the 1L steam engines use 3 in-line, (1-2.5) L engines use in-line 4, and four-wheel steam use in-line 6. Because of its small width, turbocharger and other facilities can be arranged next to it. The in-line 6-cylinder has better leveling and relatively better vibration, so it is also used for medium and high-grade cars. (6-12) the cylinder adopts a V-shaped column like a motor, in which the VIO engine is mainly installed on the car. The length and scale of V-shaped motors are small, so it is very convenient to arrange them, and it is generally believed that the comparative motivation of V-shaped motors has also become the ambition of the car level. V8 engine structure is often complex, made of this high, in order to make less. V12, the motive is too big, only a very few luxury cars are used. At present, the most common motives are in-line 4 (14) and V-6 (V6) generators. Generally speaking, the row of the V6 engine is more than 14, and the V6 is smoother and quieter than the 14 -. U is mainly installed in ordinary cars, while V6 is installed in high-end cars.

7. Compression ratio

The compression ratio refers to the ratio of the total volume of the cylinder to the volume of the combustion chamber, which indicates the degree to which the gas in the cylinder is compressed when the piston moves from BDC to TDC. Compression ratio is an important parameter to measure the performance index of automobile engine. Generally speaking, the greater the compression ratio of the engine, the higher the pressure and degree of the mixture at the end of the compression stroke, and the higher the combustion speed, so the greater the power of the engine, the better the economy. However, the compression ratio is out of date, only if it does not improve the combustion, it will produce normal combustion such as deflagration and surface fire, which will affect the performance of the generator. In addition, the increase of motor compression ratio is also limited by gas pollution regulations.

VIII. Power

Power refers to the work done by an object in unit time. In a certain range of speed, the power of the automobile engine is non-linearly proportional to the engine speed. The faster the speed, the greater the power, and vice versa, which reflects the work capacity of the vehicle in a certain period of time. Compared with the same type of car, the higher the power, the higher the speed, and the highest height of the car. The output power of the motor is very high with the rotational speed. With the increase of rotational speed /, the work of the engine increases accordingly, but after one turn, the power shows a downward trend. Generally speaking, the maximum power output of the engine is marked at the same time as the rotational speed per minute (r/min), such as 100PS/5000r/min, that is, the maximum output power at 5000 revolutions per hour is 100F (73.5kW). The maximum power is often used to describe the dynamic performance of steam. The maximum power is generally expressed in terms of horsepower (PS) or watts (kW), and 1 horsepower is equal to 0.735 kilowatts.

IX. Displacement

The working volume of the cylinder refers to the gas volume swept by the piston from TDC to BDC, also known as single cylinder displacement, which depends on the cylinder diameter and piston stroke. Engine displacement is the sum of the working volume of each cylinder, generally expressed in milliliters (CC). Engine displacement is one of the most important structural parameters, it can represent the size of the engine more than cylinder diameter and cylinder number, and many fingers of engine are closely related to the same quantity.

10. Multi-point EFI

The electronic injection device of automobile engine is generally composed of three parts: fuel injection circuit, sensor group and electronic control unit. If the injector is installed in the original carburetor position, that is, there is only one gasoline injection point for the whole engine, this is the single point EFI; if the injector is installed on the intake pipe of each cylinder, that is, gasoline injection is popular in many places (at least each gas has an injection point). This is electricity.

11. Torque

Torque is the force that causes a body to rotate. The torque of the engine refers to the torque output of the engine from the crankshaft end. Under the condition of fixed power, it is inversely proportional to the engine speed, the faster the speed, the smaller the torque, and vice versa, it reflects the load capacity of the vehicle in a certain range. On some occasions, it can really reflect the “true color” of the car, such as when starting or traveling in the mountain area. Basic knowledge of cars, complete knowledge of cars. Compared with the same type of motor vehicle, the greater the moment output, the greater the load capacity, the better the acceleration, the stronger the climbing force, and the less the shift times, the damage to the car will be relatively reduced. When the car starts zero, it shows the superiority of high moment and fast lifting degree. The moment of the generator is expressed in Niumi (N.M). With the same work, it is generally stated that the motor has a large output torque and is marked with rotational speed per minute (r/min). The maximum torque generally appears in the medium and low rotation mode of the engine, and the torque will decrease with the increase of rotational speed.

Closed-loop control

The closed-loop control of engine EFI system is a closed triangular relationship among real-time oxygen sensor, computer and fuel quantity control device. The oxygen sensor “tells” the computer about the air-fuel ratio of the mixture, and the computer sends orders to the fuel quantity control device to adjust the air-fuel ratio in the direction of the theoretical value (14.7 purl). This whole process often exceeds the theoretical value a little bit, and the oxygen transmitter detects it and reports it to the computer, which then issues the command to set it back to 14.7. Because each adjustment cycle is very fast, the air-fuel ratio will deviate to 14.7. Once running, this closed-loop adjustment will be continuous. The electric engine with closed-loop control can make the engine run under ideal working conditions all the time (the air-fuel ratio deviates too much from the theoretical value), which can prove that the steam not only has better power performance, but also can save fuel.

XIII. Overhead camshaft (OHC)

The camshaft installation position of the engine can be divided into three forms: lower, middle and top. Because the speed of the car engine is fast, the rotational speed can reach more than 5000 revolutions per minute. In order to ensure the intake and exhaust efficiency, the upside-down valve device is adopted, that is, the top valve device, which is suitable for three types of camshafts. However, if a set type or middle type camshaft is used, because the door is far away from the camshaft, air tappet and tappet auxiliary parts are needed, and the air transmission parts are more complex, the engine volume, and can produce sound in high operation. This phenomenon can be changed by using the top camshaft. Therefore, the modern engine generally adopts the top camshaft, which configures the camshaft at the top of the engine, shrinks the distance between the camshaft and the door, saves the tappet and tappet, simplifies the transmission mechanism from the convex shaft to the door, and makes the structure of the engine more compact. More importantly, this safety mode can reduce the whole reciprocating motion quality and improve the transmission efficiency. According to the number of camshafts, it can be divided into single overhead camshaft (SOHC) and double overhead camshaft (DOHC). The medium and high-grade cars are arranged by valves and V-shaped cylinders, which need to be separately controlled by double camshafts, so double overhead camshafts are adopted by little-named engines.

14. Multi-valve

Most of the traditional engines have one intake valve and one exhaust valve per cylinder. this two-valve valve mechanism is relatively simple and low in manufacturing cost. for ordinary engines with low output power requirements, more satisfactory engine output power and torque performance can be obtained. The engine with large displacement and high power should adopt the valve technology, a simple multi-gas technology, three-gas structure, that is, add an intake valve on the basis of the one-in-one two-door structure. In recent years, most of the sedan chairs newly opened by major car companies in the world adopt four-door structure. Basic knowledge of automobile, complete knowledge of automobile. In the four-valve train, each cylinder has two intake valves and two valves. The four-gas structure greatly improves the suction and exhaust efficiency of the motor, and most of the sedan chairs use four-door technology.

15. VTEC

The full name of VTEC system is variable valve timing and lift electronic control system, which is the proprietary technology of Honda. It can adjust valve timing and valve lift properly with the change of engine speed, load, water temperature and other operating parameters, so that the engine can achieve the highest efficiency at both high and low speed. + in the VTEC system, there is a convex surface on the intake convex shaft and a rocker arm on the rocker shaft. When the motor is at low speed or low load, any connection between the rocker arms, the left rocker arm and the right rocker arm push two entry doors respectively, so that the two have different timing and lift to form a squeezing effect. At this time, the high rocker arm pushes the door, only to do invalid transportation on the rocker shaft. When the rotational speed is broken, the transmitter of the motor sends the parameters such as load, rotational speed, speed and water to the brain, which are analyzed and processed by the computer. When it is necessary to change to high mode, the computer sends out a number to hit the VTEC solenoid valve to put the pressure oil into the top piston of the rocker shaft, so that the three rocker arms are connected into a body, so that both doors work at high speed. When the motor speed drop reaches the door and needs to be changed again, the brain sends out the signal again, opens the VTEC magnetic valve and opens the pressure, which makes the press leak out and the valve returns to the low speed working mode again.

XVII. Three-way catalytic converter

Ternary catalytic converter is the most important external purification device installed in automobile exhaust system. It can convert harmful gases such as CO, HC and NOx from automobile exhaust into harmless carbon dioxide, water and nitrogen through oxidation and reduction. Because this kind of catalytic converter can convert the main harmful substances in the waste gas into harmless substances at the same time, it is called ternary. The working principle of ternary catalysis: when the warm tail passes through the purification device, the purifier in the meta-catalyst will increase the activity of CO, HC and NOx, prompting it to carry out an oxygen-reduction chemical reaction, in which CO becomes a colored and toxic carbon oxide gas at high temperature; HC compounds are oxidized to water (H20) and carbon dioxide at high temperature; NOx is reduced to nitrogen and oxygen. Three harmful gases turn into harmful gases, so that the rear of the car can be purified.

XVIII. Turbocharging (Turbo)

Turbocharged is referred to as Turbo. If you see Turbo or T at the rear of the car, it shows that the engine used in the car is turbocharged. A turbocharger is actually an air compressor that increases air intake by compressing air. It uses the inertia impulse of the exhaust gas from the engine to push the wheel in the turbine chamber, and the wheel drives the coaxial blade, which pressurizes the air sent by the air cleaner pipe and pressurizes it into the air. When the engine speed increases, the waste discharge and rotation also increase, the impeller compresses more air into the cylinder, the air pressure and density can burn more fuel, and the corresponding increase of fuel can increase the engine output power. The great advantage of the wheel supercharger is that it can greatly increase the engine power and torque without increasing the engine displacement. generally speaking, the power and torque of the engine will be increased by 20% and 30% after adding the supercharger. The disadvantage of the wheel supercharger is the lag, that is, due to the slow response of the impeller to the sudden change of oil, the engine delay increases or decreases the output power, which will be a little bad for the steam if it is added or exceeded.

XIX. Engine anti-theft locking system

Because the car door lock has a certain mutual opening rate, which reduces the anti-theft function of the car, so people have developed the engine anti-theft locking system. For a car with an engine anti-theft locking system, even if the car thief can open the door, he cannot drive the car away. A typical engine anti-theft locking system works like this: there is an electronic chip in the car fire key, and each chip contains a fixed ID (equivalent to an identification number). The car starts only when the ID of the key chip is consistent with the ID on the side of the motivation. on the contrary, if it is consistent, the car will automatically cut off the power, making the motivation law open.

Wind tunnel

A wind tunnel is a pipe used to generate artificial air (artificial wind). The car wind tunnel test is carried out in this section of the wind tunnel where a section of air flow can be caused by such a pipe. Basic automobile knowledge, complete knowledge of automobile. The fan used to generate strong air flow in the automobile wind tunnel is very large. For example, the diameter of the fan in the Mercedes-Benz wind tunnel is 8.5m, the electric power of the driving fan is as high as 4000kW, and the air flow in the wind tunnel is up to 270km/h. It often costs hundreds of millions of dollars, or even more than 1 billion, to build a car tunnel of this size, and it costs quite a lot for every steam wind tunnel test. Car wind tunnel has model wind tunnel, real car tunnel and waiting wind tunnel and so on. There are many more solid wind tunnels, and their investment and cost are relative. The reduced scale model can only be tested in the model hole, and the degree of test is relatively low. The real wind tunnel is very large, and the fees for construction and use are very high. At present, there are still many real car holes in the world, mainly in Japan, the United States, France, Italy and other countries. Climatic wind tunnel is mainly a quasi-climatic environment, which is used to determine the general performance of steam (such as cavity performance). When foreign car companies enter the car, most of their cars are first made into the steam mud mold of LRV 1, and then the wind tunnel tests are carried out, the details of the body are modified according to the test conditions, so that the wind resistance number meets the design requirements, and then the three-dimensional coordinate meter is used to measure the shape of the car, draw body drawings, enter the design and production of the stamping die for the car body, and so on.

21, Air drag coefficient (CD)

Due to the role of air resistance, the vehicle produces aerodynamic forces in longitudinal, lateral and vertical directions around the car’s center of gravity, among which the longitudinal air force is the largest air resistance, accounting for more than 80% of the total air resistance. The value of air resistance coefficient is measured by wind tunnel. Because the air resistance is proportional to the air resistance, it is necessary to reduce the air resistance coefficient in order to reduce the air resistance. From the 1950s to the early 1970s, the air drag coefficient of the car remained between 0.4 and 0.6. After the energy crisis in the 1970s, all countries devoted themselves to reducing the air resistance coefficient in order to further save energy and reduce fuel consumption. At present, the air resistance coefficient of cars is generally between 0.28 and 0.4. According to the test table, for every 10% reduction in empty resistance, the fuel saving is about 7%. It has been compared that two kinds of cars with the same quality and the same size, but with different air drag coefficients (0.44 and 0.25 respectively), drive 100km at the speed of 88km per hour, and the fuel consumption of the latter is 1.7 L less than the former.

22, vehicle Navigation system (CIPS)

Based on 24 global positioning satellites, GPS is a radio navigation and positioning system that provides three-dimensional position, three-dimensional speed and other information to all parts of the world. The positioning principle of GPS is that the user receives the signal transmitted by the satellite, obtains the distance between the satellite and the user, clock correction and large correction parameters, and determines the setting of the user through data processing. When the United States announced the release of a GPS after the Gulf War, the car immediately seized this opportunity and put into the Jinkai automobile navigation system, positioning and guiding the car into the display, and quickly put into use. The automobile GPS navigation system consists of two parts: one is composed of the GPS receiver and display device of the automobile worker, the other is composed of the computer control center, and the two parts are connected by the position guard. The computer control center is meized and set up by the motor vehicle management department, which is responsible for observing the dynamics and traffic situation of the steam scheduled to be monitored within the jurisdiction at any time, so the whole automobile navigation system has at least two functions: a car trace monitoring function, as long as the coded GPS receiver is installed on the car, the car can indicate its presence wherever it goes through the electronic map of the computer control center. The other is the driving finger function, the car owner can store the sub-map of the intersection route of each place on the floppy disk, as long as the floppy disk is inserted in the lathe receiving device, the display will immediately show the location of the car and the current traffic state, which can not only input and go to the destination, work out the best driving path in advance, but also accept the instructions of the computer control center to choose the line and direction of the car.

23, constant speed cruise

The constant speed cruise is used to control the constant speed of the car. Once the car is set to the cruising state, the fuel supply of the engine is controlled by the computer, and the computer will constantly adjust the fuel supply according to the road conditions and the driving resistance of the car. Keep the car running at the set speed all the time without having to manipulate the throttle. At present, the cruise control system has become the quasi-installation of advanced cars.

24. Safety body

In order to reduce the casualties of the passengers in the car collision, the passenger cabin is strengthened and the head and tail of the car are weakened when designing the car body. When the car collides, the head or tail is crushed and deformed and the collision energy is absorbed at the same time, while the cabin does not produce deformation to ensure the safety of the passengers.

25. Safety glass

There are two kinds of safety glass: toughened glass and laminated glass. Tempered glass is a kind of glass with high strength, which is cooled rapidly when the glass is hot and produces prestress. When tempered glass is broken, it is divided into many small pieces without sharp edges, which is not easy to hurt people. There are three layers of laminated glass, and the middle layer has strong toughness and adhesion. When destroyed by impact, the inner layer and outer layer still adhere to the middle layer, which is not easy to be human. Automotive sandwich glass, the thickness of the interlayer is doubled, it has better comprehensiveness and is widely used. –

26, pre-tightened seat belts

The characteristic of the pre-tightening seat belt is that when the car has a collision accident, when the occupant has not moved forward, it will first tighten the ribbon, immediately tie the occupant tightly to the seat, and then lock the ribbon to prevent the occupant from leaning forward, effectively protect the safety of the occupant. The coiler which plays an important role in the pre-tightening safety belt is the same as the ordinary full belt, which not only has the function of rewinding and unwinding ribbon, but also has the binding force on the staff at about 0.1s when the car changes sharply, so it also has a control device and a pre-tensioning device. There are two kinds of control devices: one is electronic control device, the other is machine control device. The pre-drawing device has many forms, and the common pre-drawing device is a deflagration type, which is composed of body attraction agent, body generating agent, tube, piston, rope and moving wheel. After the pre-tensioning device is excited when the car collides, the body primer at the bottom of the sealing tube immediately ignites, detonating the gas generating agent of the same sealing tube, and the gas generating agent immediately produces large gas expansion, forcing the piston to move upward to pull the rope. The rope drives the driving wheel to rotate the reel of the reel, and the ribbon is reeled on the reel, so that the ribbon is pulled back. After that, the winder will urgently lock the ribbon and secure the occupant body to prevent the body from leaning forward to avoid collision with the steering wheel, dashboard and glass windows.

27. Intelligent airbag

The smart airbag is to add sensors on the basis of the ordinary type to detect whether the occupants on the seats are children or adults, the seat belts they wear and the height of their position. By collecting these data, the expansion of the airbag is analyzed and processed by computer software to make it play the most role and avoid the necessary expansion of the whole airbag. The intelligent security bag has two more core components than the ordinary type, namely the sensor and its matching computer software. At present, the main sensors used are: weight sensor, according to the weight of the chair to know whether it is an adult or a child; sub-area sensor. An energy electron domain can be generated in the cab to communicate the existence and placement of the electrical tester in the area; the external sensor can distinguish the inanimate east according to the existence of heat detection; optical sensing. Like a camera staring at the chair and comparing it with the image of the empty chair to determine the existence and position of the human body; ultrasonic sensing, emitting sound waves, and then analyzing the radiation waves after the encountered objects to detect the occupants’ storage and location. Another important task of designing and developing airbags is to develop computer software. Generally speaking, the computer software should be able to respond in an instant according to the passenger’s figure, body, whether the full belt is fastened, the position of the person in the chair, the car at the time of the collision, and the range of impact, etc., and adjust the timing, degree and degree of the expansion of the airbag, so that the safety bag is the most reasonable and effective protection for passengers, especially to reduce the harm to children and other short people.

28, occupant head and neck protection system (WHIPS)

The WHIPS is usually set in the front seat. When the car is hit by the rear, the head and neck protection system will inflate rapidly, and the entire backrest will lean back with the passenger, and the entire back and backrest of the passenger will lean back to minimize the force of the head forward, and the seat and pillow will move back horizontally, so that the upper part of the body and head can be gently and evenly supported and protected. To reduce the impact on the spine and neck and prevent the injury caused by the head swinging back.

29. Airbag (SRS)

Airbag is an eye-catching high-tech device in modern cars. The steering wheel of a car equipped with an airbag device is usually no different from the ordinary steering wheel, but once there is a strong collision at the front of the car, the airbag will immediately “jump” out of the steering wheel and cushion between the steering wheel and the driver. prevent the driver’s head and chest from hitting hard on the steering wheel or dashboard. The advent of full airbags has saved many lives. According to the study table, there was a face-to-face collision in the sedan chair with capsule device, and the rate of drivers decreased by 30%, 11% and 14% respectively. The safety bag is mainly composed of transmitters, microprocessors, gas generators and airbags. Basic knowledge of automobile, complete knowledge of automobile. The sensor and the microprocessor are used to judge the collision distance, transmit and transmit the signal; the gas generator generates the ignition action according to the signal instruction, ignites the solid fuel and produces the gas to the airbag gas, so that the airbag expands rapidly, and the airbag capacity is about (50-90) L. At the same time, the airbag has a safety valve, which will release and release the gas automatically when the inflation volume or the pressure in the bag exceeds a certain value, so as to avoid crushing and injuring passengers. The gas used in the whole airbag is nitrogen or carbon monoxide. In addition to drivers’ airbags, some car rows are also equipped with passenger airbags (that is, double airbags), which are similar to those of drivers, except that the airbags are larger and require more gas. In addition, some cars are equipped with airbags on one side of the seat.

Disc brake

Disc brake, also known as disc brake, as the name implies, is named after its shape. It is controlled by hydraulic pressure, and the main parts are brake disc, sub-pump, brake clamp, tubing and so on. The brake disc is made of alloy steel and fixed to the wheel and rotates with the wheel. The sub-pump is fixed on the bottom plate of the brake, and the two friction plates are not installed on the brake clamp. The piston of the sub-pump is affected by the hydraulic pressure from the oil pipe, which pushes the friction plate to the disc to produce friction. It is like clamping the rotating plate with pliers to force it to stop. The disc actuator has the advantages of fast heat dissipation, light weight, simple structure and convenient adjustment. Especially when the load is resistant to high performance, the effect is certain, and is not afraid of mud and water attack, get off in winter and bad conditions, the type of brake is easier to stop the car in a shorter time than drum brake. Some disc brakes also have many small holes in the disc to speed up the heat dissipation and improve the dynamic efficiency.

31. Anti-lock braking system (ABS)

ABS is the abbreviation of Anti-lockBrakingSystem. The earliest ABS system in the world was first applied on airplanes, and later became the standard equipment for high-end cars. Now most cars are equipped with ABS. As we all know, you can’t step on the brakes with one foot, but you should brake step by step until the car stops, but when you encounter an emergency brake, you often need the car to come to a sudden stop and stop the car when you want to put a foot to the end. At this time, the car is easy to hug, so that the steam is in dangerous working conditions, such as the loss of turning ability caused by the clutching of the front wheel, the tail flick accident occurred in the rear wheel hug, and so on. The installation of ABS is to solve the problem of brake lock. The car with ABS can effectively control the car to maintain its dynamic state and not to turn at the meeting, thus greatly improving the stability of the brake steam and the steam braking performance of the poor road cleaning parts. Basic knowledge of cars, complete knowledge of cars. ABS is the misalignment of the rotational speed of each wheel, such as the rotation sensor installed on each wheel or transmission shaft, and the slip of the car at that time is calculated by the computer (by the movement rate to know whether the car has been locked up or not), and compared with the ideal slip, the decision to increase or reduce the dynamic pressure of the actuator is made, and the actuator is ordered to adjust the dynamic pressure in time to hold the car in an ideal dynamic state. Therefore, the ABS device can always maintain the wheel in a rolling state with weak slip without locking, so as to achieve the goal of high efficiency.

32. Electronic braking Force Distribution system (EBD)

According to the difference of axle load transfer during braking, EBD can automatically adjust the braking force distribution ratio of front and rear axles, improve braking efficiency, and cooperate with ABS to improve braking stability. When a car is braking, the ground conditions attached to the four tires are often different. For example, sometimes the left front wheel and the right rear wheel are attached to the dry cement floor, while the right front wheel and the left rear wheel are attached to the water or muddy water, which can lead to the same friction between the four children and the ground when braking. It is easy to hit, tilt and overturn when braking. EBD high-speed computer car moving moment, do not attach different ground to the wheel into the induction, calculation, get the same friction value, so that the moving device of the four tires according to the same condition with the same way and force system, and the movement of continuous speed adjustment, so as to ensure the stability and integrity of the car.

33. Traction Control system (TCS)

TCS is also called tracking control system. When a car brakes on a smooth road, the wheels will skid and even lose control of the direction. Similarly, the driving wheel of a car may skid when it starts or accelerates rapidly, and it can make the direction out of control and dangerous on smooth roads such as ice and snow. TCS is designed to solve this problem. When TCS uses electronic sensors to detect the driven speed at the wheel (this is a sign of slippage), it will give a signal to adjust the time of fire, reduce the valve, reduce the oil, lower or control the wheel, so that the wheel will hit again. TCS can improve the stability, acceleration and climbing force of the car shop. Originally, TCS was installed only in luxury cars, but now it is also available in many cars. If TCS and ABS cooperate with each other, it will further strengthen the safety performance of automobile. TCS and ABS can share the speedometer on the axle and connect with the line computer to monitor the speed of each wheel. In case of low skidding, TCS will immediately inform ABS to reduce the skidding of the wheel. If the skid is found in high altitude, TCS immediately sends instructions to the driving brain to direct the motor to slow down or the transmission to reduce gear, so that the pulley will no longer skid and prevent the car from losing control and losing its tail.

34. Electronic Stabilization device (ESP)

The electronic stabilization device (ElectronicStablityProgram, referred to as ESP) was first used in its A-class cars by Mercedes-Benz. ESP is actually a kind of traction control system. Compared with other traction control systems, ESP can control not only the driving wheel but also the driven wheel. Such as the rear drive car often turns, when the rear wheel is out of control and swung, ESP will brake the slow side of the wheel to determine the car; in the case of too little steering, in order to correct the track direction, ESP will brake after the car, thus correcting the driving direction. Can skid, in ice and other smooth roads will also make direction out of control and dangerous, TCS is designed to solve this problem. When the TCS relies on an electronic sensor to detect a low driven wheel (which is a feature of the play), it will issue a signal to cut the ignition time, reduce the door opening, reduce the throttle, lower gear or brake wheel, so that the wheel no longer skid. TCS can improve the quality of automobile driving, improve acceleration and slope capacity. It turns out that TCS is only installed on the sedan chair, and it is available on Xu ordinary cars. If TCS and ABS are used together, it will improve the safety performance of the car. TCS and ABS can share the wheel sensor on the axle and connect with the driving brain without monitoring each wheel. when hitting at low speed, TCS will immediately know the ABS action to reduce the hit of the car. If the high speed is now hit, TCS will immediately issue an order to the car computer, the volatilizer or transformer will drop, so that the pulley will no longer slip and prevent the vehicle from losing control and throwing its tail.

35. Electronic Stabilization device (ESP)

The electronic stabilization device (ElectronicStablityProgram, referred to as ESP) was first used in its A-class cars by Mercedes-Benz. ESP is actually a kind of traction control system. Compared with other traction control systems, ESP can control not only the driving wheel but also the driven wheel. Such as the rear drive car often turns, when the rear wheel is out of control and swung, ESP will brake the slow side of the wheel to determine the car; in the case of too little steering, in order to correct the track direction, ESP will brake after the car, thus correcting the driving direction. –

36. Automobile basic knowledge of automatic transmission

Automatic transmission has the advantages of easy operation, comfortable driving and reducing driver fatigue, so it has become a development direction of modern car configuration. A car with an automatic transmission can change its torque automatically according to the road conditions, and the driver can keep an eye on the road traffic without being distracted by shifting gears. There are common types of automobile automatic transmission: hydraulic automatic transmission (AT), mechanical stepless automatic transmission (CVT), electronically controlled mechanical automatic transmission (AMT). Cars generally make AT,AT almost a noun for automatic transducer. AT is composed of hydraulic variable torsion, parallel gear and hydraulic longitudinal system, which achieves variable speed and torque by means of force transfer and tooth combination. The most important part of its hydraulic torque converter lamp, which is composed of pump, vortex and guide, and has the functions of torque transmission and clutch.

37. The gear of automatic transmission

Generally speaking, the gear of automatic transmission is divided into P, R, N, D, 2, 1 or L and so on. P (Parking): used for parking, it uses a mechanical device to lock the rotating part of the car so that the car can not move. When the car needs to stay in a fixed position for a long time, or leave the vehicle after parking, you should pull the brake and push the lever into the “P” position. It should be noted that the vehicle must stop completely before using P, if the part of the self-transmission machine will be damaged. In addition, the automatic car is equipped with a neutral start switch, so that the car can only start the engine in “P” or “N”, so as to avoid sudden steam running when other positions start by mistake. -Automotive basic knowledge

R (Reverse): reverse gear, the use of the reverse of the vehicle. The safety button on the lever is usually pressed before the lever can be moved to the “R” gear. It should be noted that when the vehicle has not yet completely stopped, you must not forcibly change to the “R” gear, otherwise the transmission will be seriously damaged.

N (Neutral): neutral. Put the lever on the “N” gear, and the power between the engine and the transmission has been cut off and separated. If you stay for a short time, you can put the lever in this block and pull out the brake lever, and the right foot can be moved away from the brake pedal for a short rest.

D (Drive): forward gear, used on general roads. Due to the different designs of models in different countries, the “D” gear generally includes from first gear to high gear or second gear to high gear, and will shift automatically due to changes in speed and load. Put the lever on the “D” block, and the driver can control the speed as long as he controls the gas pedal.

2 (SecondGear): the second gear is the forward gear, but the transmission can only change between the first and second gears, not the third and fourth gears. Put the lever in the second gear, the car will start from the first gear, when the speed increases, it will automatically turn to the second gear. Basic automobile knowledge, complete knowledge of automobile. The second gear can be used to go up and down the slope. when this section is up or down, the vehicle will remain firmly at 1 or 2, and the gear will not change continuously because of the inclined load or the imbalance of the car. When falling off the slope, the use of motor speed resistance for braking will not make the car go faster.

1 (FirstCear): the first gear is also a forward gear, but the transmission can only work in the first gear and cannot change to other gears. It works best when used in serious traffic jams and slopes with large slopes. When going up or down the slope, you can make full use of the torque of the car engine.

38, manual / automatic integrated transmission

Manual / automatic all-in-one transmission is equipped with manual shift function on the basis of automatic transmission. Cars equipped with manual / automatic all-in-one transmission can switch between automatic shift and manual shift at any time. At the same time, the gear status is displayed on the dashboard, so you can freely choose the comfort of the automatic transmission and the movement of the manual transmission. For a car equipped with a dynamic / automatic all-in-one transducer, the shift does not need to step on the clutch, and the shift is completed between the handle push and pull, so that people can enjoy the driving fun of the change at the moment of push and pull. Among the domestic cars, the cars with hand / self-integrated transmission include Audi A6 (2.8L), Passa (2.8L) and Odyssey.

39, suspension

Suspension is the general name of all the force transmission and connection devices between the frame and the axle or wheels of the car, and its function is to transfer the force and torsion between the wheel and the frame, and to cushion the impact force transmitted from the uneven road to the frame or body, and attenuate the resulting vibration to ensure that the car can run smoothly. The typical suspension structure is composed of sex element, guide mechanism and reducer, while the other structure includes buffer block, lateral stabilizing rod and so on. Basic knowledge of cars, complete knowledge of cars. The elastic elements are leaf spring, air spring, spiral spring and rod spring, while the sedan chair suspension adopts spiral spring and torsion bar spring, and individual sedan chairs make air spring. The frame is an assembly in the car, which ties the frame to the wheels and turns off a variety of performance of the car. From the point of view of appearance, the car suspension is only composed of some rods, cylinders and springs, but it should not be simple for it. On the contrary, the car suspension is difficult to meet the requirements of the automobile assembly, because the suspension should not only meet the requirements of automobile comfort, but also meet the requirements of its longitudinal stability, and these two aspects are opposed to each other. Basic knowledge of automobile, complete knowledge of automobile. For example, in order to achieve good comfort, it is necessary to greatly buffer the shock of the steam, so that the spring is designed to be softer, but the softness of the spring allows the steam to brake “head”, accelerate “head up” and seriously bad direction on the left and right, which is conducive to the steering of the car. easy to lead to car uncertainty and so on.

Transmission system

The transmission system consists of a clutch, a transmission, a universal transmission and a drive axle, which are used to transmit the power output of the engine to the driving wheel and make it suitable for the needs of automobile driving. The clutch is fixed on the rear face of the engine flywheel and is connected to the transmission. The clutch is often engaged. When the driver steps on the clutch plate, the clutch is separated and the power transmission is being carried out to start, shift and move. The clutch can also be used to overload the transmission system. There are several gears and one gear on the transmission, and the transmission ratio of each gear is the same, which can meet the needs of different driving resistance and the same car. The block can make the car drive. “neutral” can transfer power. The universal transmission sets the transmission and drives the axle to transmit the force from the transmission to the drive axle. The drive axle is composed of a main deceleration, a differential, a shaft and an axle housing, which has a driving axle (half of the rear axle) to drive the car, while the other axle (mostly the front axle) is a slave axle, which plays a driving role. However, some of the axles of Yue automobile drive axles, so there is an actuator behind the transformer, which is responsible for allocating power to each bridge.